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Cheluvamba Mansion, V.V. Mohalla PO, Mysore 570 013, India processing, weaning foods a. 2 J.P. Marathee, Crop and Grasslands Services, Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Via a. P gt delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00100, Italy 2 ra gt Shegeta Masayoshi, The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, 'r E r Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan Paul L. Mask, 110 Extension Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5633, USA .9 A.N. Misra, Department of...
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o g general, they have seedheads spikes that are shorter and fatter grains that are ra bigger, rounder, and whiter and plants that mature much earlier. These ra differences are so conspicuous that the plants were previously classified as a iS separate species.4 o Such types there have been little studied or appreciated by the world at ro a large. Yet they appear to be promising in their own right and are good sources of a genes for earliness and large grain size.5 ra The potential of pearl...
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Paspalum exile Kippist Panicum exile Kippist A. Chev. Syntherisma exilis Kippist Newbold Syntherisma iburua Stapf Newbold for Digitaria English hungry rice, hungry millet, hungry koos, fonio, fundi millet gt French fonio, petit mil a name also used for other crops Fulani sereme, foinye, fonyo, fundenyo Nigeria acha Digitaria exilis, Hausa iburu Digitaria iburua, Hausa 5 JS Senegal eboniaye, efoleb, findi, fundi k L The Gambia findo Mandinka Togo Digitaria iburua afio-warun Lamba ipoga Somba,...
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Fonio is an extremely adaptable plant that is little affected by climatic or soil conditions, Much of it is found growing in semiarid areas. In the Fouta Djallon Plateau of Guinea shown here , it grows on acidic soils with high aluminum content that are deadly to other crops. Nazmul Haq
Finger Millet Epl
A. Franck Y. Attere, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Jacob A. Ayuk-Takem. IRA, Bo te Postal 2123, Yaound , Cameroon Stephen J. Carr, Christian Services Committee of Malawi, Private Bag 5, Zomba, Malawi lt 5 - j Abebe Demissie, Plant Germplasm Exploration amp Collection, Plant Genetic Resources Centre JB Ethiopia PGRC E , PO Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia -Q S.C. Gupta, Regional Sorghum and Millets Improvement Program, Southern Africa Development o o g...
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In parts of Africa and Asia, sorghums that pop like popcorn can be found. These have seldom received much scientific or entrepreneurial recognition. There JS is probably, however, a huge latent market for them. They make tasty foods, and o e they may have worldwide promise. Popping boosts the flavor of sorghum, and it is energy efficient and nutritionally desirable. Compared with boiling, for instance, popping is so rapid that it takes little fuel and it denatures or hydrolyzes ' 5 a -E the...
Pearl Millet Helps Namibia
Namibia's farming lands are among the driest and most unpredictable to be found. Perhaps for that reason, its farmers rely on mahangu pearl millet to provide the basic foods to keep their families fed. In the north of the country, where two-thirds of the population live, it is the staple. In the past, Namibia's farmers could hope to obtain only about 300 kg of grain per hectare a pitifully small amount. Indeed, production was so low that the country had to import maize to feed its people. In...
Note on Nutritional Charts
In the earlier chapters we have included tables of nutritional information, as o k well as charts that show how this information compares with that of a standard cereal such as maize or rice. They appear on the following pages.
Pearl Millet 1
Andrews, D.J. 1974. Responses of sorghum varieties to intercropping. Experimental Agriculture 10 57-63. lt 5 -S Andrews, D.J. and P.J. Bramel-Cox. In press. Breeding varieties for sustainable crop production in low jy input dryland agriculture in the tropics. Pages 211-223 in D.R. Buxton et al., eds. International .q Crop Science I. Proceedings of a Conference, Ames, Iowa, July 1993. CSSA, Madison, c 2 Andrews, D.J. and K.A. Kumar. 1992. Pearl millet for food, feed and forage. Advances in...
The Power Of Processed Foods
Despite the reliance on sorghum and millet in some countries, and despite consumer preference for flour made from them, the industrial production and commercialization of local flour has barely been established in Africa. Sorghum and millet flours are still mainly produced by each individual household. On the other hand, the introduced grains wheat, rice, and maize are more commonly milled at commercial facilities. This makes the foreign grains look superior and it holds back the local cereals....
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g 1,280 kg per hectare to 2,750 kg per hectare. Within 10 years, as the hybrids improved, the yield had more than tripled to reach 3,810 kg per hectare. In a little o.g over 20 years it had almost quadrupled to reach 4,190 kg per hectare. Seldom has there been such a rapid increase in grain yields in a cereal crop. The hybrids were developed by crossing sorghums from southern Africa the og.2 so-called kafir type with others from Central Africa caudatum types . The o.o benefits come both from...
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Seetharam, A., K.W. Riley, and G. Harinarayana, eds. 1989. Small Millets in Global Agriculture Proceedings of the First International Small Millets Workshop, Bangalore, India, October 29-November 2, 1986. Oxford amp IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi. 392 pp. Serna-Saldivar, S.O., C.M. McDonough, and L.W. Rooney. 1990. The millets. Pp. 271-300 in K.J. Lorenz and K. Kulp, eds., Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Dekker, New York. Shankara, R., N.G. Malleshi, H. Krishnamurthy, M.N....
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Ci U tu lt u gt ra r -- lt ra ra Sorghum arundinaceum 142 S. arundinaceum 177, 191 S. bicolor see also sorghum 11, 138, 142, 177 S. h. ssp. sudanense see also sudangrass 193 S. caffrorum 138, 177 S. caudatum 138, 177 S. cernuum 138 S. conspicuum 177 S. dochna 138, 177 S. drummondii 138 S. durra 138, 177 S. guineense 138 S. halepense 193 S. nervosum 138 S. nigricans 138 S. propinquum 140 S. roxburghii 138 S. subglabrescens 138 S. verticiliflorum 191 S. vulgare 138, 177 sorghum dye 212 sorgo 138...
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g r lt u Adam Aboubacar, Cereal Chemistry, Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques au Niger r INRAN , Bo te Postal 429, Niamey, Niger INTSORMIL collaborator Abdelmoneim Taha Ahmed, Economics and Statistical Section, Gezira Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Corporation ARC , PO Box 126, Wad Medani, Sudan i oj INTSORMIL collaborator g 3 O.C. Aworh, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, fg. Nigeria ' Sitt El Nafr Badi, Food...
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lt n j5 lt 12 Tef fodder is therefore a vital component of Ethiopia's whole farming system, a point i- ro often overlooked by those who consider only the grain. Information from G. Jones. 2 g- 13 Refined flour can be made, however. With appropriate screening it can be sifted away from the bran and the germ. Information from W. Carlson. 14 In Ethiopia, it is said that a daily intake of one injera pancake supplies enough of a these amino acids to sustain life without another protein source two...
The Super Sorghum Of The Sudan
Although it is perhaps the most important grain in Africa, sorghum still has tremendous untapped potential. Many remarkable types are yet to be discovered by science, as the following example shows. When word leaked out in 1984 that a disastrous famine was impending in Dafur and Kordofan, the horror that swept the world energized many people into action. No one took a more original approach than the organizers of ''Band Aid, a project in which rock and roll stars staged a free concert for...
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Indian farmer holding ragi ICRISAT . Indian farmer holding ragi ICRISAT . tasty foods. Some, however, is malted and turned into beer as well as into easily digested foods for infants and invalids. As in its African homeland, ragi enjoys a reputation for being both nutritious and sustaining, and Indian studies lend scientific support to this view. Certain grain types, particularly the white ones, can match the most nutritious local cereals, at least in protein content. hectare to more than 4,000...
Lakes Of Grass
The following, taken from a 1990 report from the United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office UNSO , shows how a farsighted project is restoring one of the formerly important West African wild grasses. Although it emphasizes animal feed, it gives a glimpse of what could be done by developing wild grasses for food To farmers and pastoralists in the Inner Delta of Mali, the bourgou floodplains supply a crucial source of fodder. Without these bourgoutieres, the livestock would die during the dry season....
Qualitynutrition Types
Contrary to general opinion and oft-repeated statements in textbooks, pearl millet is one of the more nutritious of the common cereals. As has been noted, its grain has more fat than most, and its level of food energy 784 kilocalories per kg is among the highest for whole-grain cereals. It also has more protein, and its r - level of the essential amino acid lysine is better than in most cereals. However, some pearl millet grain may suffer nutritionally speaking because it is low in threonine...
Bajra And Rheumatoid Arthritis
About 3,000 years ago pearl millet crossed the Indian Ocean and became a vital contributor to South Asia's food supplies. Today it is India's fourth most important cereal, surpassed only by rice, wheat, and sorghum. Bajra, as it is called, is currently grown on almost 10 percent of India's food-grain area, and it yields about 5 percent of the country's cereal food. Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh account for nearly 80 percent of the 14 million hectares planted and 70 percent...
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Engels, J.M.M., J.G. Hawkes, and M. Worede, eds. 1991. Plant Genetics Resources of Ethiopia. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 383 pp. Huffragel, H.P. 1961. Agriculture in Ethiopia FAO. Rome. 484 pp. Munck, L. 1988. The importance of botanical research in breeding for nutritional quality characteristics in cereals. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 28 3 69-78. Nulugeta Negassa. 1985. Patterns of phenotypic diversity in an Ethiopian barley collection, and the Arsi-Bale Highland as a centre...
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appropriate collections from dissimilar climates and recombining them into more widely adapted improved types useful to the world's people. Si The profuse branching and wide distribution of the root system is one of the ra main reasons why the sorghums are so markedly drought resistant. Other factors g are however of importance. In the first place the plant above ground grows slowly o o until the root system is well established. Secondly, the system has to supply a leaf area which is...
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lt n Johannes M.M. Engels, Regional Office for South and Southeast Asia, IPGRI IBPGR , c o Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110 012, India 2 tn Don F. Gaff, Department of Ecology and E.B., Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia 25 Heiner E. Goldbach, Abta Agrar kologie, Lehrstuhl Biogeographie, Institut f r Geowissenschaften o. der Universit t Bayreuth, Postfach 101251, D-8580 Bayreuth, Germany o Pamela M. Goode, Environmental Resources Unit, University of Salford, Salford...
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are of course there to benefit the seeds in which they occur to mobilize food for the growing seedling but long ago people found that they could use them also to break up starches from other sources. This process usually called malting became the first step in making beer and liquor out of starchy foods such as potatoes, maize, rice, or sorghum see page 168 . What has been overlooked to a large extent is that malting can be used for more than just brewing. Indeed, it is probably the key to...
Pearl Millet Subsistence Types
Pearl millet is the staple of what is perhaps the harshest of the world's major ofi1 farming areas the arid and semiarid region stretching over 7,000 km from Senegal to Somalia almost one-sixth of the way around the globe at that latitude . There, on the hot, dry, sandy soils, farmers produce some 40 percent of J W the world's pearl millet grain. How to help these farmers who live in the often drought-devastated zone lt 3 lt S is onthe edge of the world's biggest desert and who have no access...
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Niels Hanssens, Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Project, Hadejia Zone IV, Private 1 a. London, Campden Hill Road, L18 7AH, England 2 m g Mail Bag 3130, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria, c o Agroman, 34 New Cavendish Street, London 25 Nazmul Haq, International Centre for UnderUtilized Crops, Andrews Building, Kings College o G. Harinarayana, All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project, India Council of c Agricultural Research ICAR , College of Agriculture Campus, Shivajinagar,...
Ragi Disease And Pest
Finger millet crossed the Indian Ocean more than 1,000 years ago and since then has become extremely important in South Asia. In India, where it is generally called ragi, this native African grain is now grown on more than 2 million hectares. In its new home, scientists and farmers have created numerous ragi races. There are, for instance, plants that are purple seedheads that are short, long, open, curved, or fisty seeds that range from almost black to orange-red and there is also a popular...
Injera
Perhaps the most intriguing of all the world's staples, injera is a bread like no other. Moist, chewy, and almost elastic, it has a unique look and feel. A very correct British gentleman visiting Ethiopia in the mid-1800s tried to explain the experience of eating injera fancy yourself chewing a piece of sour sponge, he said, and you will have a good idea of what is considered the best bread in Abyssinia. But these days people are not so closed-minded. Indeed, the search for new tastes and new...
Appendix G Research Contacts
M. Agyen-Sampong, Mangrove Swamp Rice Research Station, West Africa Rice Development w -2 Association WARDA , Private Mail Bag 678, Freetown, Sierra Leone si Joseph Amara, Njala University College, University of Sierra Leone, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, _j o. A. Franck Y. Attere, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Forson K. Ayensu, Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR , PO Box 7, Bunso, Ghana ra...
Eee
Finger millet is grown throughout eastern and southern Africa, but especially in the subhumid uplands of Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The crop originated somewhere in the area that today is Uganda. i o-0 o. - -' tu lt u gt ra r -- lt ra ra Finger millet is grown throughout eastern and southern Africa, but especially in the subhumid uplands of Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The crop originated somewhere in the area that today is...
Ethiopian Barley In New Mexico
Although Ethiopia's barley is all but unknown elsewhere, at least one overseas group has attempted to grow it, and with considerable success. In the dry southwestern quarter of the United States, the Ghost Ranch, a facility sponsored by the Presbyterian church, has been growing it as one of its main cereal crops since 1983. Following are comments by the farm's manager. The photograph was taken after the 1991 harvest. We grow Ethiopian barley at our experimental farm in the northern mountains of...
Poultry
Trials in different parts of Georgia have shown that pearl millet grain can fully replace maize in chick rations. It neither reduced the feed-conversion efficiency nor the rate of weight gain. Indeed, chickens eating pearl millet actually grew faster and healthier than those eating maize, sorghum, triticale, or wheat. This was an important discovery because although maize is the Southeast's main poultry feed, it grows poorly there and the local poultry industry has to import maize from the...
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Ci '' U lt U U gt ra r -- lt U gt mil thiopien 232 millet 288 African 55 bulrush 77, 88 candle 88 cattail 88 pearl 10, 15, 57, 77, 88, 252, 298, 302 shama 258, 258, 267, 268 milo 138, 177 mou-b r 32 mpyoli 88 mtama 138 mugimbi 55 mulimbi 55 muzundi 88 mwere 88 mwimbi 55 napier grass 124, 275 ndzungula 232 neem 153, 279, 295 njera 55 ntweka 88 nyalothi 88 nyauti 88 nyo 88 oats 14, 249 Ethiopian 14, 248 Oryza species 17 O. barthii 32, 36, 37, 271 O. breviligulata 36, 258 O. glaberrima see also...
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,2 from 7 to 15 percent.10 In most common cultivars, as mentioned above, the kernel contains about 12 percent, which is 1-2 percentage points higher than The protein's amino-acid composition is much like that of maize protein. 2 J i Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, followed by threonine.11 Tryptophan and S JS some other amino acids are a little higher than in maize. S The protein contains no gluten. A large proportion of it is prolamine, a c p cross-linked form that humans cannot easily...
Ethiopian Oats
Ethiopia also has a native oats, Avena abyssinica. Partially domesticated in the distant past, this species is largely nonshattering that is, it retains most of its grain so farmers can harvest them conveniently. 12 See companion report, Quality-Protein Maize. Quality-protein barleys are rich in amino acids, such as lysine. that are vital to human nutrition and yet normally deficient in S cereals. They have been called Hi-proly by the Danish food scientists who have studied them most. For a...
Let Them Eat Millet Bread
Millet once played a greater role in the world of cereals for many rural people in eastern and southern Africa, but it has declined in importance over the last 30-50 years because of a preference for maize. The decline has been compounded by increased research on maize leading to greater productivity of the crop and by the incentives given to maize production through government policies. Maize has been grown, as a result, in dry conditions to which it is not adapted and it has failed too often...
Finger Millet In Usa
Although pearl millet has long been grown in the United States, few Americans have ever heard of it. That may soon change, however. A number of pioneering researchers see this crop as a valuable grain for the nation. High-yielding cultivars are being selected and bred even hybrids have been created see page 119 . However, owing to an oversupply of food, pearl millet is currently being developed mainly as a way to feed animals. Recent results have indicated that it has exceptional promise for...
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o.g In the trials conducted in an area of West Africa where annual rainfall is E 600-900 mm , tied ridges captured 85-100 percent of the rainfall received on the site during the season. Normal ridging or flat planting captured only 55-80 percent the rest was lost as runoff. Tied ridging also reduced the soil's surface o.o bulk density, maintained soil fertility by reducing losses of soil nutrients , and ra a improved the soil s water-holding capacity. In the case of the pearl millet crop, m eg...
T Ef Eragrostis Tef Cultivars Morphology And Classification
lt n Ashenafi, M. 1994. Microbial flora and some chemical properties of ersho, a starter for teff o -E Eragrostis tef fermentation. World Journal of Microbial Biotechnology 10 1 69-73. lt 5 Berhe, T., L.A. Nelson, M.R. Morris, and J.W. Schmidt. 1989. Inheritance of phenotypic traits in tef I - . ra lemma color, II - seed color, III -panicle form. Journal of Heredity 80 62-70. ra .g Besrat, A., A. Admasu, and M. Ogbai. 1980. Critical study of the iron content of tef Eragrotis tef . ro Ethiopian...
Processing Finger Millet
Mechanical milling is of course well known for wheat, rice, and maize, it is a major industry. But for finger millet, this primary step in the commercial processing of a food grain is essentially unknown. Machinery for rubbing the bran embryo off finger millet has never been available, perhaps through a lack of interest but mainly because the grain is exceptionally difficult to mill by machine. Finger millet, therefore, is usually eaten as a whole-grain flour, and the presence of oil in the...
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S with soft-kernel sorghum, parboiling more than doubled the yield of o.g Inactivates enzymes and thereby greatly extends shelf life. It even improves the storability of pearl-millet flour, a material notorious for og.2 Kills insects and their eggs so that it reduces storage losses. 0.0 Improves the grain's cooking characteristics. Boiling parboiled sorghum, ra a for instance, doesn t produce mush instead, the kernels remain separate, m eg whole, and very much like pilaf or rice. Improves...
Epw Data On Millets
In each of the essential-amino-acid bar graphs, the figures were compared on the basis of the amounts occurring in the protein of each grain that is, grams per 100 grams of protein . In the other bar graphs, all nutrients were compared on a dry-weight basis so as to eliminate the distortions of different and varying amounts of moisture. Digestibility and other metabolic factors were not factored into the calculations. For vitamin A, the values for Retinol Equivalents were derived using standard...
Wadi Rice
This chapter's tables and graphs show that Africa's famine-food grains can be quite nutritious. They are notably rich in those amino acids that are essential for human health but that are normally deficient in sorghum and the other common staples. Kram-kram, Egyptian grass, and wadi rice, for example, have more of the sulfur-containing amino acids than the FAO reference protein requirement. Egyptian grass and shama millet proteins are also significantly higher in threonine than those usually...
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was devised specifically for this project, but comparable approaches could be employed equally well in Africa. The maize and rice values against which the African grains are compared in the bar graphs are taken from U.S. Department of Agriculture tables. The actual figures converted to a dry-weight basis are given below.
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IS And today when striga breaks out severely, nothing can be done. Farmers usually abandon their land. Some of the most productive sites now lie idle o.g victims of this abominable sapsucker. ra l And the problem is worsening. Striga is most damaging when crops are stressed by drought or lack of nutrients phenomena that are increasingly og.2 common. Changes in farming practices are also helping striga to conquer ever o.o more countryside. The continuous cropping of cereals, for example,...
Popping
ro lt 3 Popping is a simple technique that produces light, attractive, ready-to-eat products. It improves taste and flavor and it yields a crunchy, convenient food. Most people think of it as a process only for maize, and no wonder popcorn is wildly popular among Americans and others who know it well. What has hardly been appreciated, however, is that most of Africa's grains also pop. While less spectacular than popcorn, they do o .g expand dramatically and they, too, take on an agreeable...
Introduction Of Fingermillet
kg per person . It has been estimated that Africa now needs 14 million tons more grain each year than it is producing. With the population growing at 3 percent per o .g year and agricultural production increasing by only 2 percent, that shortfall will - ra 5 reach 50 million tons by 2000.3 Obviously a crisis is impending in Africa's food supply. Improving cereals I for Africa should be a great international agricultural endeavor. Maize, rice, and o wheat have much to offer and deserve greatly...
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.S2 David J. Andrews, Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA j JS a. breeding INTSORMIL collaborator o j John Axtell, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA E breeding striga INTSORMIL collaborator 2 ra_ Glenn W. Burton, Forage and Turf Research, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, ARS, jg USDA, PO Box 748, Tifton, Georgia 31793, USA lt S Jeremy Davis, Plant Breeding International, PBI Cambridge Ltd., Maris...
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O. -'-' U lt U U gt ra r -- lt U gt y , 141, 148, 215,221, , 297, 308, 309, 310 afezu 261 African rice 17 akohi 83 arake 43 areuie 245 baby food see also weaning foods 141 barley-water drinks see also beverages 245 beer 49, 53, 64, 81, 130, 141, 148, 168, 245, 249, 258, 299, 305 sorghum 168, 305 betso 25 sweet beverages 262 bhunja 83 biscuits 148, 221 bogobe 300 bourgou 266 bread 43, 81, 83, 119, 239, 240, 243, 245, raised bread 308 sorghum 189 sourdough 300, 316 steamed 189 breakfast cereals...
Agronomy Of Finger Millet
Rome, Italy fuel, energy sorghums Paula Bramel-Cox, Crop, Soil, and Range Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5501, USA genetics and breeding perennial sorghums Larry Butler, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA striga David L. Carter, Soil and Water Management Research, ARS, USDA, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341, USA soil reclamation Max...