Intrinsic Regulation of Blood Flow
Intrinsic, or "built-in," mechanisms within individual organs provide a localized regulation of vascular resistance and blood flow. Intrinsic mechanisms are classified as myogenic or metabolic. Some organs, the brain and kidneys in particular, utilize these intrinsic mechanisms to maintain relatively constant flow rates despite wide fluctuations in blood pressure. This ability is termed autoregulation.
Myogenic Control Mechanisms
If the arterial blood pressure and flow through an organ are inadequate—if the organ is inadequately perfused with blood—the metabolism of the organ cannot be maintained beyond a limited time period. Excessively high blood pressure can also be dangerous, par ticularly in the brain, because this may result in the rupture of fine blood vessels (causing cerebrovascular accident—CVA, or stroke).
Changes in systemic arterial pressure are compensated for in the brain and some other organs by the appropriate responses of vascular smooth muscle. A decrease in arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to dilate, so that adequate rates of blood flow can be maintained despite the decreased pressure. High blood pressure, by contrast, causes cerebral vessels to constrict, so that finer vessels downstream are protected from the elevated pressure. These responses are myogenic; they are direct responses by the vascular smooth muscle to changes in pressure.
Metabolic Control Mechanisms
Local vasodilation within an organ can occur as a result of the chemical environment created by the organ's metabolism. The localized chemical conditions that promote vasodilation include (1) decreased oxygen concentrations that result from increased metabolic rate; (2) increased carbon dioxide concentrations; (3) decreased tissue pH (due to CO2, lactic acid, and other metabolic products); and (4) the release of adenosine or K+ from the tissue cells. Through these chemical changes, the organ signals its blood vessels of its need for increased oxygen delivery.
The vasodilation that occurs in response to tissue metabolism can be demonstrated by constricting the blood supply to an area for a short time and then removing the constriction. The constriction allows metabolic products to accumulate by preventing venous drainage of the area. When the constriction is removed and blood flow resumes, the metabolic products that have accumulated cause vasodilation. The tissue thus appears red. This response is called reactive hyperemia. A similar increase in blood flow occurs in skeletal muscles and other organs as a result of increased metabolism. This is called active hyperemia. The increased blood flow can wash out the vasodilator metabolites, so that blood flow can fall to pre-exercise levels a few minutes after exercise ends.
Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure 423
Test Yourself Before You Continue
1. Describe the relationship between blood flow, arterial blood pressure, and vascular resistance.
2. Describe the relationship between vascular resistance and the radius of a vessel. Explain how blood flow can be diverted from one organ to another.
3. Explain how vascular resistance and blood flow are regulated by (a) sympathetic adrenergic fibers, (b) sympathetic cholinergic fibers, and (c) parasympathetic fibers.
4. Describe the formation and action of nitric oxide. Why is this molecule considered a paracrine regulator?
5. Define autoregulation and explain how this process occurs through myogenic and metabolic mechanisms.
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