Blood Types
Genetically inherited proteins on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. More than 20 groups of these proteins have now been identified, but the most familiar are the ABO and Rh blood groups. The ABO system includes types A, B, AB, and O. The Rh types are Rh positive Rh and Rh negative Rh- . In giving blood transfusions, it is important to use blood that is the same type as the recipient's blood or a type to which the recipient will not show an immune reaction, as described below....
The Menstrual Cycle
Reproductive activity in the female normally begins during puberty with menarche, the first menstrual period. Each month, the menstrual cycle is controlled, like reproductive activity in the male, by hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH begins the cycle by causing the ovum to ripen in the graafian follicle. The follicle secretes estrogen, a hormone that starts development of the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized egg. A second pituitary...
Hypertension
High blood pressure, or hypertension HTN , is a contributing factor in all of the conditions described above. In simple terms, hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. Hypertension causes the left ventricle to enlarge hypertrophy as a result of increased work. Some cases of HTN are secondary to other disorders, such as kidney malfunction or endocrine disturbance, but most of the time the causes are unknown, a condition...
Other Endocrine Tissues
The thymus, described in Chapter 9, is considered an endocrine gland because it secretes a hormone, thymosin, which stimulates the T lymphocytes of the immune system. The gonads Chapters 14 and 15 are also included because, in addition to producing the sex cells, they secrete hormones. Other organs, including the FIGURE 16-5. Microscopic view of pancreatic cells. Light staining islet cells are seen among the cell clusters that produce digestive juices. Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ,...
Chapter Review 21
Identify the suffix that means condition of in each of the following words 3. stenosis ste-NO-sis _ 4. dystrophy DIS-tr -f _ 5. acidosis as-i-DO-sis _ 6. anesthesia an-es-THE-Ze-a _ Give the suffix in the following words that means specialty or specialist 7. psychiatry si-KI-a-tre _ 8. orthopedist or-tho-PE-dist _ 9. obstetrics ob-STET-riks _ 10. urology U-ROL-o-J _ Give the name of the specialist in each of the following fields 11. pediatrics pe-dl-A-triks _ 12. dermatology der-ma-TOL-o-Je _...
Exercise 192
Write the adjective that fits each of the following definitions 1. pertaining to -al the skull 3. pertaining to -ic the pelvis 4. pertaining to -ac the ilium 5. pertaining to -al the spinal column 6. pertaining to -al the sacrum 7. craniometry kra-ne-OM-e-tre _ 8. endocranial en-do-KRA-ne-al _ 9. spondylodynia spon-di-lo-DIN-e-a _ 10. prevertebral pre-VER-te-bral _ 11. suprapelvic su-pra-PEL-vik _ Word building. Write a word for each of the following definitions 12. fissure of the skull _ 13....
Cataract
A cataract is an opacity cloudiness of the lens. Causes of cataract include disease, injury, chemicals, and exposure to physical forces, especially the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. The cataracts that frequently appear with age may result from exposure to environmental factors in combination with degeneration attributable to aging. To prevent blindness, the cloudy lens must be removed surgically. Commonly, the anterior capsule of the lens is removed along with the cataract, leaving the...
The Testes
The male germ cells, the spermatozoa sperm cells , are produced in the paired testes singular, testis that are suspended outside of the body in the scrotum Fig. 14-1 . Although the testes develop in the abdominal cavity, they normally descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum before birth or shortly FIGURE 14-1. Male genitourinary system. The arrows indicate the course of sperm cells through the duct system. Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler's The Human Body in...
H 9 5 8
FIGURE 8-4. Ampules, vials, and syringes. Reprinted with permission from Taylor C, Lillis C, LeMone P. Fundamentals of Nursing The Art and Science of Nursing Care. 4th Ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins, 2001. Peripherally inserted central catheter PICC FIGURE 8-5. Placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter PICC . Axillary vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein Peripherally inserted central catheter PICC FIGURE 8-5. Placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter PICC .
The Mouth to the Small Intestine
Digestion begins in the mouth Fig. 12-2 , where food is chewed into small bits by the teeth Fig. 12-3 . In the process of chewing, or mastication, the tongue and the palate, the roof of the mouth, help to break up the food and mix it with saliva, a secretion that moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch. The moistened food is then passed into the pharynx throat and through the esophagus into the stomach. Here FIGURE 12-2. The mouth, showing the teeth, pharynx, and tonsils. Reprinted...
Lymphatic Disorders
Changes in the lymphatic system often are related to infection and may consist of inflammation and enlargement of the nodes, called lymphadenitis, or inflammation of the vessels, called lymphangiitis. Obstruction of lymphatic vessels because of surgical excision or infection results in tissue swelling, or lymphedema. Any neo-plastic disease involving lymph nodesis termed lymphoma. These neoplastic disorders affect the white cells found in the lymphatic system, and they are discussed more fully...
Formation of Semen
Semen is the thick, whitish fluid in which spermatozoa are transported. It contains, in addition to sperm cells, secretions from three types of accessory glands. The first of these, the paired seminal vesicles, release their secretions into the ejaculatory duct. The second, the prostate gland, secretes into the first part of the urethra beneath the bladder. As men age, enlargement of the prostate gland may compress the urethra and cause urinary problems. The two bulbourethral Cowper glands...
The Senses
The general senses are widely distributed throughout the body. These senses include pain touch, the tactile sense pressure temperature and proprioception, the awareness of body position. The special senses are localized within complex sense organs. These include the chemical senses of gustation taste and olfaction smell , located in the mouth and nose, respectively the senses of hearing and equilibrium, located in the ear and the sense of vision, located in the eye. After a brief introduction,...
Female Reproductive System
Infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis Painful or difficult menstruation. A common disorder that may be caused by infection, use of an intrauterine device, endometriosis, overproduction of prostaglandins, or other factors. Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic Condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity. Commonly caused by sexually transmit ted gonorrhea and chlamydial infections....
Asthma
Attacks of asthma result from narrowing of the bronchial tubes. This constriction, along with edema swelling of the bronchial linings and accumulation of mucus, results in wheezing, extreme dyspnea difficulty in breathing , and cyanosis. Asthma is most common in children. Although its causes are uncertain, a main factor is irritation caused by allergy. Heredity may also play a role. Treatment of asthma includes removal of allergens, administration of bronchodilators to widen the airways, and...
Suffixes Beginning With rh
When a suffix beginning with rh is added to a root, the r is doubled hem o blood -rhage bursting forth hemorrhage a bursting forth of blood men o menses -rhea flow, discharge menorrhea menstrual flow An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase A word root in combination with a vowel used to link the root with a suffix. Combining forms are shown with a slash between the root and the vowel, as in neur...
Neoplasms Pjp
Osteogenic sarcoma osteosarcoma most commonly occurs in the growing region of a bone, especially around the knee. This is a highly malignant tumor that often requires amputation. It most commonly metastasizes to the lungs. Chondrosarcoma usually appears in midlife. As the name implies, this tumor arises in cartilage. It may require amputation and most frequently metastasizes to the lungs. In cases of malignant bone tumors, early surgical removal is important for prevention of metastasis. Signs...
Answer Section Tag
Answers to Chapter Exercises EXERCISE 17-1 pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system pertaining to neuroglia, glial cells 11. ventricular ven-TRIK-u-lar 15. pertaining to the brain and spinal cord 16. inflammation of a ventricle 17. lack of sleep, inability to sleep 18. encephalopathy en-sef-a-LOP-a-the 19. supracerebellar su-pra-ser-e-BEL-ar 20. corticothalamic kor-ti-ko-tha-LAM-ik 21. ventriculogram ven-TRIK-u-lo-gram 22. extracerebral eks-tra-SER-e-bral noctiphobia nok-ti-FO-be-a also...
Objectives Pox
After study of this chapter you should be able to 1. Compare the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. 2. Describe the roles of keratin and melanin in the skin. 3. Name and describe the glands in the skin. 4. Describe the structure of hair and of nails. 5. Identify and use roots pertaining to the skin. 6. Describe the main disorders that affect the skin. 7. Label a diagram of the skin. 8. Analyze several case studies involving the skin. Like the eyes, the skin is a readily visible...
Bone Formation
Bone is formed by the gradual addition of calcium and phosphorus salts to cartilage, a type of dense connective tissue. This process of ossification begins before birth and continues to adulthood. Although bone appears to be inert, it is actually living tissue that is constantly being replaced and remodeled throughout life. Three types of bone cells are involved in these changes osteoblasts are the cells that produce bone osteo-cytes are mature bone cells and osteoclasts are involved in the...
Case Studies Eoo
Case Study 14-1 Herniorrhaphy and Vasectomy E.D., a 48-year-old married dock worker with three children, developed inguinal bulging and pain on exertion when he lifted heavy objects. An occupational health service advised a surgical referral. The surgeon diagnosed E.D. with bilateral direct inguinal hernias and suggested that he not delay surgery, although he was not at high risk for a strangulated hernia. E.D. asked the surgeon if he could also be sterilized at the same time. He was scheduled...
Leukocytes
White blood cells all show prominent nuclei when stained. They total about 5,000 to 10,000 per L, but their number may increase during infection. There are five different types of leukocytes, which are identified by the size and appearance of the nucleus and by their staining properties. Granular leukocytes or granulocytes have visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained there are three types of granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, named for the kind of stain they take up....
Congenital Disorders
Congenital disorders are those present at birth birth defects . They fall into two categories developmental disorders that occur during growth of the fetus and hereditary familial disorders that can be passed from parents to children through the germ cells. Genetic disorders are caused by a mutation change in the genes or chromosomes of the cells. They may involve changes in the number or structure of the chromosomes or changes in single or multiple genes. The appearance and severity of genetic...
G.l A 42-years-old Obese
G.L., a 42-year-old obese Caucasian woman, entered the hospital with nausea and vomiting, flatulence and eructation, a fever of 100.5 F, and continuous right upper quadrant and subscapular pain. Examination on admission showed rebound tenderness in the RUQ with a positive Murphy sign. Her skin, nails, and conjunctivae were yellowish, and she complained of frequent clay-colored stools. Her leukocyte count was 16,000. An ERCP and ultrasound of the abdomen suggested many small stones in her...
Exercise 33
Identify and define the prefix in each of the following words 1. amorphous without form root morph o a- not, without, lack of, absence a-MOR-fus Add a prefix to form the negative of each of the following words 12. permeable capable of being penetrated Many prefixes catch on rapidly as a form of shorthand. In everyday life, the prefix e-for electronic has spread to words such as e-mail, e-commerce, e-Bay, and many more. X- for extreme appears in X-games and other X-sports. The prefix endo- in...
Exercise 71
Match the following terms and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number Identify and define the root in each of the following words 6. homeothermic 7. anaerobic an-er-O-bik _ _ 8. exergonic ex-er-GON-ik _ _ 10. Cryalgesia kri-al-JE-ze-a is pain caused by _. 11. Phonetics fo-NET-iks is the study of _. 12. The term electroconvulsive e-lek-tro-con-VUL-siv means causing convulsions by means of 13. Ultrasonography ul-tra-son-OG-ra-fe is a method for diagnosis that uses 14. A barometer...
Removal of Urine
Urine is drained from the renal pelvis and carried by the ureter to the urinary bladder Fig. 13-4 . Urine is stored in the bladder until fullness stimulates a reflex contraction of the bladder muscle and expulsion of urine through the urethra. The female urethra is short 4 cm 1.5 in and carries only urine. The male urethra is longer 20 cm 8 in and carries both urine and semen. The voiding release of urine, technically called micturition or urination, is regulated by two sphincters circular...
The Neuron
The neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system Fig. 17-2 . Each neuron has two types of fibers extending from the cell body the dendrite, which carries impulses toward the cell body, and the axon, which carries impulses away from the cell body. Some axons are covered with myelin, a whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and speeds electric conduction. Axons so covered are described as myelinated, and they make up the white matter of the nervous system....
mjJ Key Terms
Neck. Usually means the lower narrow portion neck of the uterus cervix uteri U-ter-i root cervic o . A small erectile body in front of the urethral opening that is similar in origin to the penis root clitor o, clitorid o The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen A group of hormones that produces female characteristics and pre- pares the uterus for the fertilized egg. The most active of these is A hormone secreted...
The Nephrons
The tiny working units of the kidneys are the nephrons Fig. 13-3 . Each of these microscopic structures is basically a single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes. At the beginning of the tubule is the cup-shaped Bowman capsule, which is part of the blood-filtering device of the nephron. The tubule then folds into the proximal convoluted tubule, straightens out to form the loop of Henle, coils again into the distal convoluted tubule, and then finally straightens out to form a collecting...
Labeling Exercise 202
Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet. Gastrocnemius Gluteus maximus Latissimus dorsi Peroneus longus Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sternocleidomastoid Teres major Teres minor Trapezius Triceps brachii Match the following terms and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number b. triangular muscle that covers the shoulder c. one of the hamstring muscles d. anterior muscle of the upper arm that flexes the forearm e. large muscle group of...
Supplementary Terms Xwf
Pertaining to or perceived by the ear A unit for measuring the relative intensity of sound A unit for measuring the frequency pitch of sound A small projection of the temporal bone behind the external auditory canal it consists of loosely arranged bony material and small, air- An oval opening in the inner ear that is in contact with the footplate A small muscle attached to the stapes. It contracts in the presence of a loud sound, producing the acoustic reflex. A cystlike mass containing...
Roots Pertaining to the Endocrine System
TABLE 16-1 Roots Pertaining to the Endocrine System TABLE 16-1 Roots Pertaining to the Endocrine System
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a widely distributed system with multiple functions Fig. 9-7 . Its role in circulation is to return excess fluid and proteins from the tissues to the bloodstream. The fluid carried in the lymphatic system is called lymph. Lymph drains from the lower part of the body and the upper left side into the An eponym is a name that is based on the name of a person, usually the one who discovered a particular structure, disease, principle, or procedure. Everyday examples are...
Clinical Aspects Immunity
Hypersensitivity is a harmful overreaction of the immune system, commonly known as allergy. In cases of allergy, a person is more sensitive to a particular antigen than the average individual. Common allergens are pollen, animal dander, dust, and foods, but there are many more. A seasonal allergy to inhaled pollens is commonly called hay fever. Responses may include itching, redness or tearing of the eyes conjunctivitis , skin rash, asthma, runny nose rhinitis , sneezing, urticaria hives , and...
Body Regions
For orientation, the abdomen can be divided by imaginary lines into nine regions, which are shown in Figure 5-4. The sections down the midline are the epigastric ep-i-GAS-trik region, located above the stomach umbilical um-BIL-i-kal region, named for the umbilicus, or navel hypogastric hi -po -GAS-trik region, located below the stomach The lateral regions are the _ _ _ right and left hypochondriac hi -po-KON-dre-ak regions, named for their position near the ribs, specifically near the...
Info Isc
Vessels in purple area drain into right lymphatic duct Vessels in white area drain into thoracic duct Vessels in purple area drain into right lymphatic duct Vessels in white area drain into thoracic duct The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body root aort o . The semilunar valve at the entrance to the aorta The point of a cone-shaped structure adjective, apical . The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle. It is inferior and...
The Brain
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain Fig. 17-3 . It is composed largely of white matter with a thin outer layer of gray matter, the cerebral cortex. It is within the cortex that the higher brain functions of memory, reasoning, and abstract thought occur. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by a deep groove, the longitudinal fissure. Each hemisphere is further divided into lobes with specialized functions. The diencephalon contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the...
Supplementary Terms Ikq
A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge be- tween the two bronchi. Used as a landmark for endoscopy. Any ridge or ridgelike structure from a Latin word that means keel . A depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter also called The external openings of the nose the nostrils singular, naris The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts root sept o Lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues often used incorrectly to Condition caused by inadequate...
Key Terms 1
Sudden, severe having a short course Not recurrent or malignant favorable for recovery describing tumors that do A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells from Greek root carcino, meaning crab adjective, carcinomatous Of long duration progressing slowly A filled sac or pouch that is usually abnormal see Fig. 6-4 . Used as a root meaning a normal bladder or sac, such as the urinary bladder or gallbladder root cysi o, cysi i . A laboratory staining procedure that divides bacteria into two...
Clinical Aspects of the Male Reproductive System
Most infections of the male reproductive tract are sexually transmitted diseases STDs , listed in Display 14-1. The most common STD in the United States is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which, in males, mainly causes urethritis. This same organism also causes lymphogranuloma venereum, an STD associated with lymphadenopathy, which is rare in the United States. Both forms of these chlamydial infections respond to treatment with antibiotics. Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria...
Word Derivations
As mentioned, most medical word parts come from Greek G and Latin L . The original words and their meanings are included in this text only occasionally. They are interesting, however, and may aid in learning. For example, muscle comes from a Latin word that means mouse because the movement of a muscle under the skin was thought to resemble the scampering of a mouse. The coccyx, the tail end of the spine, is named for the cuckoo because it was thought to resemble the cuckoo's bill Fig. 1-3 . For...
Exercise 41
1. Karyomegaly is enlargement -megaly of the _. 2. Adenitis ad-e-NI-tis is inflammation -itis of a _. 3. A papilla pa-PIL-a is a projection that resembles a n _. 4. A fibril FI-bril is a small _. 5. Histogenesis is the formation -genesis of _. 6. A myxoma mik-SO-ma is a tumor of tissue that secretes _. 7. The term reticular re-TIK-u-lar means resembling or pertaining to a n 8. A dimorphic organism has two _. 9. The term mucosa mu-KO-sa is used to describe a membrane that secretes 10....
Supplementary Terms Cen
The stiffening or hardening of the penis or the clitoris, usually be- Normal Structure and Function, continued The organs concerned with reproduction, divided into internal and Introduction of semen into a woman's vagina A state of physical and emotional excitement, especially that which occurs at the climax of sexual intercourse Period during which the ability for sexual reproduction is attained and secondary sex characteristics begin to develop The cord that suspends the testis composed of...
The Ear
The ear has the receptors for both hearing and equilibrium. For study purposes, it may be divided into three parts the outer, middle, and inner ear Fig. 18-1 . The outer ear consists of the projecting pinna auricle and the external auditory canal meatus . This canal ends at the tympanic membrane or eardrum, which transmits sound waves to the middle ear. Glands in the external canal produce a waxy material, cerumen, which protects the ear and helps to prevent infection. Spanning the middle ear...
Labeling Exercise 195
Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet. Artery Cartilage Compact bone Diaphysis Distal epiphysis Growth lines Medullary cavity Periosteum Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Yellow marrow Multiple choice Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. a. upper portion of the pelvic bone b. fluid-filled sac near a joint c. bones of the fingers and toes 9. metaphysis d. 10. resorption e. _ 17. spondylolisthesis b....
The Heart
The heart is located between the lungs, with its point or apex directed toward the left Fig. 9-2 . The thick muscle layer of the heart wall is the myocardium. This is lined on the inside with a thin endocardium and is covered on the outside with a thin epicardium. The heart is contained within a fibrous sac, the pericardium. Each of the upper receiving chambers of the heart is an atrium plural, atria . Each of the lower pumping chambers is a ventricle plural, ventricles . The chambers of the...
Med. Term - Ar As Sbe
pertaining to or resembling bone marrow osteomyelitis os-te-o-mi-e-L I-tis in front of a vertebra or the spinal column rachiocentesis ra-ke-o-sen-TE-sis also 14. metacarpals met-a-KAR-pals 24. metatarsals met-a-TAR-sals LABELING EXERCISE 19-3 VERTEBRAL COLUMN FROM THE SIDE LABELING EXERCISE 19-5 STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE_ 1. proximal epiphysis e-PIF-i-sis 10. periosteum per-e-OS-te-um 61. instrument for incising a joint 62. excision of synovial membrane 64. incision into the cranium skull 67....
Circulation The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
The Heart Blood Pressure The Vascular System The Lymphatic System Roots Pertaining to the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Clinical Aspects of the Circulatory System After study of this chapter you should be able to 1. Label a diagram of the heart. 2. Trace the path of blood flow through the heart. 3. Trace the path of electrical conduction through the heart. 4. Differentiate among arteries, veins, and capillaries. 5. Name and locate the main components of the lymphatic system. 6. Identify...
box 191 Names That Are Like Pictures
Some conditions are named by terms that are very descriptive. In orthopedics, several names for types of bursitis are based on the repetitive stress that leads to the irritation. For example, tailor's bottom involves the ischial sit bones of the pelvis, as might be irritated by sitting tailor-fashion to sew. Housemaid's knee comes from the days of scrubbing floors on hands and knees, and tennis elbow is named for the sport that is its most common cause. Student's elbow results from leaning to...